贵州荞麦重要种质的遗传多样性分析及分子身份证构建

为精准鉴定贵州荞麦种质资源,采用SSR分子标记对60份荞麦种质进行遗传多样性分析,构建DNA分子身份证数据库。结果显示,从100对SSR引物中筛选出16对稳定性好、多态性丰富的引物,在60份供试种质中共扩增出174个多态性条带;Shannon’s信息指数、Nei’s多样性指数、多态信息指数均值分别为0.337、0.206、0.693,引物的多态性较好,能有效揭示60份荞麦种质的遗传多样性;在Dice遗传相似系数为0.374时,所有供试材料可聚为A、B、C 三组;当Dice遗传相似系数为0.484时,将苦荞组（A组）更细分为A1、A2两个小组。采用毛细管电泳及8%的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶（PAGE）电泳对SSR标记扩增产物进行双验证,2种方法的聚类结果一致。结果表明,本研究开发的高效性SSR分子标记能够有效地鉴定贵州荞麦重要种质的遗传多样性且用于构建分子身份证。     

基于形态性状和SSR标记的克氏原螯虾养殖群体遗传多样性分析

为客观评估广西南宁周边地区克氏原螯虾养殖群体的遗传多样性,采集来自南宁的3个克氏原螯虾群体——埃及群体（AJ）、良庆群体（LQ）和上林群体（SL）,以及湖北荆州（JZ）和江西湖口（HK）的群体各1个,采用形态学结合微卫星分子标记的方法分析其遗传多样性水平。形态分析结果显示,雌性群体的综合判别准确率为68.59%,雄性群体的综合判别准确率为73.60%;3个南宁群体（AJ,LQ,SL）与JZ群体聚为一类,3个南宁群体间具有较高的形态相似度。微卫星分析结果显示,AJ群体和LQ群体的遗传多样性最高,SL群体和HK群体次之;LQ群体与SL群体的遗传分化系数和遗传距离最小。结果表明广西南宁克氏原螯虾群体具有较高的遗传多样性,从国外引种或国内不同地理来源群体的杂交可能是提高克氏原螯虾群体遗传多样性的重要途径。     

次生盐化对溪流底栖分解者和凋落物分解的影响

次生盐化是人类活动引起的淡水水体盐度异常增高的现象。目前,次生盐化已经由干旱区的局域环境问题,蔓延成为全球性生态问题,严重威胁淡水生态系统生物多样性、生态系统功能和生态系统服务。然而,次生盐化对溪流生态系统的效应尚不清晰,本研究以分解者亚系统结构和功能为切入点,解析次生盐化对溪流分解者群落和凋落物分解过程的影响,以期为河溪生态系统保护、管理、修复提供理论依据。已有研究表明,在盐化溪流中,（1）细菌群落和真菌群落对盐化过程的响应模式存在显著不同,相应作用路径对凋落物分解过程变化的调控能力也不同,真菌响应更为复杂;（2）盐化可通过致死效应和亚致死效应对底栖动物群落产生显著影响,撕食者通常对盐度敏感,盐化作用下底栖撕食者变化对凋落物分解过程的影响非常重要;（3）凋落物分解速率普遍降低,但凋落物分解过程与水体盐化特征和模式之间的关系尚未确定。后续的研究重点应包括溪流盐化时空动态的生态效应研究、凋落物分解的元素释放动态等过程参数监测、溪流次生盐化与其他因素（全球变化、富营养化、新兴污染物等）的交互作用研究等     

长沙黑麋峰冬季鸟类资源调查及多样性分析

通过对黑麋峰森林公园鸟类资源的初步调查,共鉴定鸟类28种,隶属于5个目,15个科,25个属。公园内的Shannon-Wiener指数为0.864 6,均匀度指数为0.597 5。同时,用G-F指数对该地区鸟类的科与属的多样性指数进行了分析,得出G指数为1.374 5,F指数为1.586 2,G-F指数为0.133 5。与湖南其它几个地区的鸟类多样性相比,黑麋峰的鸟类多样性较低,并进一步分析了其鸟类多样性低的原因。     

添加芽孢杆菌对草鱼池塘中真核微生物的影响

为了研究添加芽孢杆菌对池塘中真核微生物群落结构和理化因子的影响,采用高通量测序技术分析了实验组(添加芽孢杆菌池塘)与对照组(普通池塘)水体真核微生物群落结构,同时分析了两组池塘的水体理化指标。结果表明:8、9月实验组池塘水体中TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。水体中梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、红囊藻(Hedriocystis)、蓝隐藻(Chroomonas)、丝孢酵母属(Trichosporon)和小环藻属(Cyclotella)真核微生物丰度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。实验组池塘水体真核微生物Chao1指数和Shannon指数显著高于对照组(P0.05)。实验结果证实:通过向池塘添加芽孢杆菌,可以改变水体中真核微生物群落的结构,从而实现对池塘理化因子的调节。研究结果对于降低水产养殖尾水对水域环境的污染具有一定的意义。     

Long-term fertilization leads to specific PLFA finger-prints in Chinese Hapludults soil

Soil microbes play essential roles in the biogeochemical processes of organic carbon and nutrient cycling. Many studies have reported various short-term effects of fertilization on soil microbes. However, less is known about the effects of longterm fertilization regimes on the rhizosphere. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore how the soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere respond to different long-term fertilization strategies. Based on a 21-year field treatment experiment in Guizhou, China, we extracted phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs) to determine the microbial community structure in both the non-rhizosphere(NR) and rhizosphere(R). Six treatments were included: no fertilizer(CK), mineral nitrogen fertilizer(N), N with potassium(NK), phosphorus with K(PK), NPK, and NPK combined with manure(MNPK). The results showed that total PLFAs under unbalanced mineral fertilization(N, NK and PK) were decreased by 45% on average in the NR compared with CK, whereas MNPK increased fungi and G~– bacteria abundance significantly in both the NR(by 33 and 23%) and R(by 15 and 20%), respectively. In addition, all microbial groups in the R under these treatments(N, NK and PK) were significantly increased relative to those in the NR, except for the ratio of F/B and G~+/G~–, which might be due to the high nutrient availability in the R. Soil pH and SOC significantly regulated the soil microbial community and structure, explaining 51 and 20% of the variation in the NR, respectively. However, the rhizosphere microbial community structure was only significantly affected by soil pH(31%). We concluded that the soil microbial community in the NR was more strongly affected by long-term fertilization than that in the R due to the rhizosphere effect in the agricultural ecosystem. Rhizosphere nutrient conditions and buffering capacity could help microbial communities resist the change from the long-term fertilization.     

磁处理改善豌豆根际土壤生物学性状

采用盆栽的方法,分析磁处理对豌豆根际土壤生物学性状的影响,旨在探究磁处理对豌豆根际土壤肥力及健康状况的影响。试验设置无处理（对照CK）,添加铁粉（A）、磁化铁粉（B）、场强为0.2特斯拉（T）磁铁+铁粉（C）以及0.2 T磁铁（D）的处理,基于高通量测序技术分析磁处理对豌豆根际土壤生物学性状的影响。结果表明：C处理显著增加豌豆根际土壤中可培养细菌和真菌数量,同时微生物生物量C、N、P与CK相比分别增加了34.0%、46.0%、44.2%;β-葡萄糖苷酶、氨肽酶、磷酸酶酶活性分别增加了24.6%、23.7%、31.8%;另一方面,C处理中土壤细菌丰富度和多样性指数Ace、Chao1、Shannon指数显著高于CK;属（Genus）分类水平韦恩图分析中上,CK处理特有的属细菌主要有3个：Sneathiella、Desulfurispora、nannocystaceae;A处理特有的属细菌有7个;B处理特有的属细菌亦有7个;C处理特有的属细菌有11个;D处理特有的属细菌有8个。综上所述,C处理能够显著提高豌豆根际土壤中可培养微生物数量、微生物生物量（C、N、P）、酶活性和细菌多样性等多项指示土壤肥力和健康状况的生物学指标,表明磁场强度为0.2 T的磁铁+5 g磁化铁粉处理具有提高土壤肥力抵御土传病害的能力。     

基于主要表型性状的不同采集地斑茅种质资源遗传多样性分析

为提高斑茅种质资源利用效率,本研究对来自不同地区的76份斑茅种质资源的株高、茎径、节间长、叶长、叶宽、锤度6个表型性状进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,来自不同地区的斑茅,6个表型性状平均变异系数在14.6%~53.4%之间,其中株高和节间长的变异系数相对较高,分别为53.4%和37.7%;锤度和叶长的变异系数相对较低,分别为19.1%和14.6%。株高、茎径、叶宽、叶长、节间长之间表现为极显著正相关,其中株高与节间长的相关系数最大,为0.818;锤度与株高、节间长呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.232和-0.263。主成分分析表明,前2个主成分方差累计贡献率高达72.58%,其中第1主成分方差贡献率达到51.21%,第2主成分贡献率为21.37%。采用聚类分析方法,不同的种质资源被分为8大类群,第Ⅴ和Ⅵ类群的种质综合性状表现最好,这2个类群是优良的斑茅种质资源,可在甘蔗育种中加以挖掘利用。     

Exploring tree diversity and stand structure of savanna woodlands in southeastern Sudan

Savanna woodlands in Sudan host great biodiversity, provide a plethora of ecosystem goods and services to local communities, and sustain numerous ecological functions. Although the importance of the Acacia trees in these areas is well known, up-to-date information about these woodlands' diversity is limited and changes in their woody vegetation composition, density, diversity and relative frequency are not monitored over time. This study explored tree diversity and stand stage structure in Nuara Reserved Forest, a typical savanna woodland ecosystem in southeastern Sudan. A total of 638 circular sample plots (1000 m² for each) were established using a systematic sampling grid method. The distance between plots was 200 m. In each plot, all living trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥5.00 cm were identified and counted, and their DBH values were recorded. From these data, tree composition, diversity, density and stage structure were assessed. There were 12,259 individual trees representing four species (Acacia seyal, Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia Senegal and Acacia mellifera) that belong to two families. The dominant species was Acacia seyal. Average tree density was 191 trees/hm² and the Shannon-Weiner index for trees diversity was 0.204. Overall, young trees comprised 86.30% of the forest. The state of tree richness and density in the study area was low compared to other similar environments in the region and around the world. We recommended adoption of a proper management system that includes monitoring of woody vegetation diversity in this forest, and management actions to enhance tree diversity and sustain ecosystem services to local communities. In addition to care for the dominant Acacia seyal stands, more attention and conservation should be devoted to reestablishing Acacia senegal and Acacia mellifera trees because of their high ecological and economic values for local communities.